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 Every high-rise building or structure is unique. It is not just previous experience that is used in the design and construction of every new skyscraper, but also many new technological ideas, design calculation methods, organization and construction technologies, latest building materials and products, modern methods of quality control and the monitoring of the technical condition of the building are applied.
There are no two exactly identical buildings in the world, even the twin buildings of such complexes as the World Trade Center in New York or the Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur, were originally conceived to be similar, but they do differ in some details. Moreover, much of the calculations, technical ideas and solutions can often vary in the process of design and construction.
The process of erecting a modern highrise building requires the solution of a complex of architectural, design, engineering and technical tasks, which in my opinion can be divided into the following components:
Development of the conceptual idea is the first step in a long and complex process of creating a unique object. The concept of a modern building involves the use of new technical solutions and methods of engineering calculations, the creation of innovative equipment and construction technologies. Unique buildings and structures often become symbols and have a significant impact on the architectural appearance and image of cities and even states in which they are built. For example, the Empire State Building, American International Building, the Eiffel Tower, Petronas Twin Towers, Big Ben, the Moscow State University building, St. Isaac's Cathedral and many others. Such symbols can also be the Burj Mubarak al Kabir in Kuwait, the Gazprom tower in St. Petersburg, and even the low, by modern standards, (a mere 150 meters) Building of The City Council of Copenhagen. It is therefore necessary to consider modern high-rise building projects in the context of the surrounding buildings, functionality, environmental impact and visual perception, modern construction methods and calculations, technologies and materials. Engineering surveys Engineering surveys, which include geologic, geodesic, geotechnical, hydro-meteorological and environmental research, provide the necessary information to optimize the design, construction and operation of buildings and structures. It is essential that the subterranean part of the building fits the geological environment, and does not cause irreversible changes and negative processes such as karst-suffosion process, underflooding, barrage effect and other things that might affect the stability of the building itself and the surrounding buildings. Geological and geotechnical surveys are needed to properly select the type of foundation, design of foundations, underground part of the building, earthworks and the choice of drainage and water drawdown system. The data obtained in environmental surveys is used in the land development design. Also on its basis activities designed to improve the geological environment are developed. It is essential to take into account the seismic conditions of the area of construction and the forecasted seismic risk, which will have a significant influence on the choice of the type and the calculation of the base, foundations and supporting structures of the building. Calculation and construction of the foundation, basements and underground parts of the building Properly selected foundation and accurately calculated bases are essential for the stability of the building, and in combination with a professionally designed and constructed underground part, guarantee successful and cost-effective operation in the future. Ground bases are the most deformable elements of structures, their properties are quite volatile, and therefore their quantitative description is the least accurate among all other structural elements of the building. These circumstances are particularly important in the design and construction of high-rise and unique structures. Bases of high-rise buildings, in addition to vertical loads, measured in many hundreds of thousands of tons, are characterized by large eccentricities of load application and moments caused by them. The most effective solutions are the following types of foundations:
– pile foundations; – piled rafts; – box-type foundations; – foundation of “floating” slabs (meaning that the difference between the natural vertical stress in the unloaded soil mass and the stress under the base of the foundation is minimized due to its optimally calculated embedding).
– stiffening diaphragms in the underground parts; – stylobates; – planning schemes, which al... ... Внимание! Для просмотра полного текста Вам необходимо авторизоваться  |
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